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Earlier in Figure 7-8, the sketch of a clipboard with check boxes served to visually carry an idea across the Point A and Point B slides. Try a similar concept using check boxes to visually organize your ideas across your Explanation slides. On the upper left in Figure 7-20, the Key Point slide features a sketch of a piece of paper with three completed check boxes to illustrate the three-part strategy. Sketch the rst Explanation slide (upper right) with only one check box and the word analyze from the headline, and then on the second Explanation slide (lower left), add a second check box and the word meet from the headline. On the third Explanation slide (lower right), add a third check box with the word monitor from the headline.

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a = "This is a test" puts a.methods.join(' ')

methods instance_eval % rindex map << split any dup sort strip size instance_variables downcase min gsub! count include succ! instance_of extend downcase! intern squeeze! eql * next find_all each rstrip! each_line + id sub slice! hash singleton_methods tr replace inject reverse taint unpack sort_by lstrip frozen instance_variable_get capitalize max chop! method kind_of capitalize! scan select to_a display each_byte type casecmp gsub protected_methods empty to_str partition tr_s tr! match grep rstrip to_sym instance_variable_set next! swapcase chomp! is_a swapcase! ljust respond_to between reject to_supto

FIGURE 7-20 Sketches of a Key Point slide and Explanation slides using a checklist to visually tie them tightly together.

hex sum class object_id reverse! chop <=> insert < tainted private_methods == delete dump === __id__ member tr_s! > concat nil untaint succ find strip! each_with_index >= to_i rjust <= send index collect inspect slice oct all clone length entries chomp =~ public_methods upcase sub! squeeze __send__ upcase!crypt delete! equal freeze detect zip [] lstrip! center []= to_f

In other words, the standard values False and None, numeric zero of all types (including float, long, and so on), empty sequences (such as empty strings, tuples, and lists), and empty dictionaries are all false. Everything else is interpreted as true, including the special value True. Laura Creighton describes this as discerning between something and nothing, rather than true and false. Got it This means that every value in Python can be interpreted as a truth value, which can be a bit confusing at first, but it can also be extremely useful. And even though you have all these truth values to choose from, the standard truth values are True and False. In older versions of Python, the standard truth values were 0 (for false) and 1 (for true). In fact, True and False are just glorified versions of 0 and 1 that look different but act the same: >>> True True >>> False False >>> True == 1 True

The methods method on any object (unless it has been overridden, of course!) returns an array of methods made available by that object. Due to Ruby s heavily object-oriented structure, that s usually a significantly larger number of methods than those you have specifically defined yourself! The results reveal some other reflective methods too. For example, protected_methods, private_methods, and public_methods all reveal methods encapsulated in different ways (more on this in the next section). Another interesting method is instance_variables. It returns the names of any instance variables associated with an instance (as opposed to class variables):

As they appear in sequence, the Key Point slide introduces the simple visual concept of the three check boxes, the rst Explanation slide introduces the concept of analyzing from the headline, the next slide builds on the preceding one and adds the concept of meeting, and then the third slide builds on the preceding slide and adds the concept of monitoring. When each Explanation slide is dragged back to its position in the storyboard, it introduces another layer of meaning to the visual checklist story and at the same time ties together the Detail slides that follow.

class Person attr_accessor :name, :age end p = Person.new p.name = "Fred" p.age = 20 puts p.instance_variables.inspect

["@age", "@name"]

7

At this stage you might not see the value in these reflective methods, but as you progress toward becoming a Ruby guru, they ll become more important. This book doesn t go deeply into the arts of metaprogramming and advanced reflective techniques, as although they re interesting topics, they aren t widely used until you reach a significant level of competence, and are therefore beyond the scope of a beginner s book.